Electrical Designing

Night Vision technologies is a kind of techniques of image conversion, image intensification and thermal imaging. Each has distinct characteristics and capabilities. The current image intensification technology utilizing photocathodes, phosphor screens and microchannel plates -- illustratres the technology of light amplification and image resolution. Night vision technology, by definition, literally allows one to see in the dark. Originally developed for military use, it has provided the United States with a strategic military advantage, the value of which can be measured in lives. Federal and state agencies now routinely utilize the technology for site security, surveillance as well as search and rescue. Night vision equipment has evolved from bulky optical instruments in lightweight goggles through the advancement of image intensification technology 

Over the last few years a new area of engineering science has been established whose products are likely to create a large market in the near future. It has been called ''biometrics". The pioneers of this new domain intend to construct devices which would allow identification of a person on the basis of his/her ''biological'' characteristics: voice, dynamics of movements, features of face and other parts of the body, retina or iris pattern. Nature has made human beings with different characteristics which may vary from one person to another. This property is made use of by Biometric technology to distinctly identify each person Biometric system is essentially a pattern recognition system which recognizes a user by determining the authenticity of a specific physiological or behavioral characteristic possessed by the user. Several important issues must be considered in designing a practical biometric system. First, a user must be enrolled in the system so tha

Neutral is the point at which all the three phase’s current meets and the algebraic sum of current becomes zero in case of “Balanced Load Condition”. I = I1 + I2 + I3 = 0 When ALL phase has balanced load, neutral should be ZERO volt in respect to earth. Be careful the word “Balanced”, which means, if there is an unbalanced phased (due to load), the neutral will no longer be ZERO volt in respect to earth. When there is more than ZERO volt between neutral and earth, then there will be current flow through these 2 points (Leakage Current). Even for most of the time, neutral and earth has ZERO volt between them; they should never be connected together or be used interchangeably. Neutral: Return path of current flow in order to make a closed circuit [Return Path Conductor]. Earth: Path for Leakage current [Short Circuit / Fault Current / Crack in Insulation] in the circuit to protect Human & Equipment Safety.

Phase is the differnce between waves, through which the current flows. 1 phase consists of 3 wires , 1 phase 1 neutral and 1 stay wire. 3 phase consists of 5 wires , 3 phases(R, Y, B), 1 neutral and 1 stay wire. In most of the transformers 3 phases are mostly used except the road side transformers because the voltage of 3 phase is 440v. In domestic appliances 1 phase is used because the voltage required is 230v 1. Single phase voltage is compare then three phase voltage is very low for ex- 1 phase 240v < 3 phase 440v. 2. Three phase can make rotating magnatic field but single phase can not make rotating magnatic field. 3. In three phase is phase sequence but single phase is not phase sequence.

The second of Kirchhoff’s Law states that the algebraic sum of voltages around a closed circuit loop is zero . There’s the phrase ‘algebraic sum’ again, so we must recognise that the direction of voltages matters when using Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law.

Kirchhoff’s Current Law states that the algebraic sum of currents at a node is zero a ‘node’ is the technical term for a junction in a circuit, where two or more branches are joined together. b) the phrase ‘algebraic sum’ reminds us that we have to take account of the current direction, as well asmagnitude, when applying Kirchhoff’s Current Law. This Law is used in circuit analysis to define relationships between currents flowing in branches of the circuit. To apply Kirchhoff’s Current Law rigorously, we must first make an arbitrary choice of positive current direction. Suppose currents flowing in to the node (I1, I2) are treated as positive contributions to the algebraic sum (and conversely currents flowing from the node are treated as negative contributions), then the algebraic sIt must be emphasised that the choice of sign convention when using Kirchhoff’s Current Law is entirely arbitrary and, of course, makes no difference to the result obtained. However, it is good practice to be

Most electric cars look exactly like gas-powered cars. You will notice that an electric car lacks a tailpipe and gas tank, but the overall structure is basically the same. Once you lift up the hood, however, the difference becomes dramatic. Instead of a huge engine and all of the things you would expect to be under the hood, all you will see is an electric motor and its controller. The electric motor needs no oil, no tune-ups, and since there is no tailpipe emissions, no smog checks. If you look under the car, and sometimes in the trunk, you will see the EVs power source: the battery pack. This battery pack is just a group of car batteries no different than the one that starts your gas-powered car. These batteries act as a "gas tank" and supply the electric motor with the energy necessary to move the vehicle. The controller acts as a regulator, and controls the amount of power received from the batteries so the motor does not burn out. Everything else in the electric car is b

As the federally mandated phasing out of incandescent light bulbs approaches, you need to know about your new lighting choices. There are three options, of which one is no good if you value your health and don't enjoy eerie dim lighting. The options are CFLs (compact fluorescent lights/lamps), halogen bulbs, and LEDs (light emitting diodes). They are all energy efficient according to EISA (Energy Independence and Security Act) imposed standards. They cost more than incandescent bulbs, but last longer. Heavily Promoted CFLs are the Most Unhealthy Their light quality has improved, but is still not as good as all the other bulbs. The price range is from two dollars U.S to eight dollars. They last longer than incandescent bulbs, but before they expire completely, they begin to fade. They are filled with mercury, which when broken will fill a room with more toxic vapors than you can safely tolerate. Most of you know that. And the mercury laden CFLs present land fill environmental proble

Electrical Circuit : An electrical circuit is a closed conducting path through which electric current either flows or is intended to flow. Electrical Network : An electrical network is an interconnection of electrical elements such as resistors, inductors, capacitors, transmission lines, voltage sources, current sources, and switches. It may not be a closed path.Thats why an electrical circuit is a network but not vice versa. Bilateral Circuit : A circuit whose properties remains same in either directions is called bilateral circuit. Loop : A closed electric circuit is called a loop. It may or may not contain any closed path in it. Mesh : A mesh is a set of branches that forms a closed path in a network and which contains no closed path in it. A mesh can be called as a loop but not vice versa.

What is Direct Current ? Direct Current : Electric current which flows in one direction only through a circuit or equipment. The associated direct voltages, in contrast to alternating voltages, are of unchanging polarity. Direct current corresponds to a drift or displacement of electric charge in one unvarying direction around the closed loop or loops of an electric circuit. Direct currents and voltages may be of constant magnitude or may vary with time. For more detailson this topic see the following site : http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/acdc.htm

Current : The rate of flow of electrons through a circuit is defined as current . In general current is denoted with "I or i".The unit of current is coulombs/sec which is called as "amperes(A)". Voltage or Potential: Voltage is measure of the work required to move charge from one point to another in electric field. Its unit is Joules/Coloumb called as Volt (V). V=w/q. Potential difference : (i) the difference in electrical potential between two points in a circuit expressed in volts(V). (ii) the difference in electrical charge between two points in a circuit expressed in volts(V).

Harmonic Analysis and Applications This volume collects articles from coauthors, students, and colleagues of John, representative of some of the major areas that John has contributed to, including harmonic analysis, frame theory, time-frequency analysis, wavelet theory, and sampling theory and shift-invariant spaces. In recognition of John’s own high standards of mathematical exposition, and in order to create a volume of lasting utility, many of the articles in this volume include introductions to or surveys of their representative research directions. This chapter is an introduction to an open conjecture in time-frequency analysis on the linear independence of a finite set of time-frequency shifts of a given function. Background and motivation for the conjecture are provided in the form of a survey of related ideas, results, and open problems in frames, Gabor systems, and other aspects of time-frequency analysis, especially those related to independence. The partial results that are

circuit Breaker Standards Preferred Ratings for Indoor Circuit Breakers with Voltage Range Factor K>1.0, Rating structure changes have caused some concerns and misunderstandings because the ratings assigned to circuit breakers, in accordance with the 1987 ratings edition Rating Structure of High Voltage Circuit Breakers Considerations for selection of Circuit Breakers for Capacitive Current Switching and TRV Ratings for capacitance current switching 1) Rated overhead line charging current; 2) Rated isolated cable and isolated shunt capacitor bank switching current; 3) Rated back to back cable and isolated shunt capacitor bank switching current; 4) Rated transient inrush current peak; 5) Rated transient inrush current frequency; Generator Switchgear With IEEE Gas Turbine Generators, Steam Turbine Generators,Diesel Electric Generators, Hydro Electric Generators,Combined Cycle Plants Referring to the one-line representations above, there are important issues over safely interrupting sh

Applied Electromagnetics And Electromagnetic Compatibility The book is intended to serve as a textbook for courses on applied electromagnetics and electromagnetic compatibility at the seniodgraduate level in EE. The prerequisites for such a course are completion of basic undergraduate EE and physics courses in electricity and magnetism, analog and digital electronic circuits, and advanced calculus. Our experience motivated us to write a textbook combining the fundamentals of fields and waves, a few selected topics of applied electromagnetics, and a variety of topics typical of EMC. The descriptions of electromagnetics are placed in the context of EMC, and those of EMC are presented where they help in the analysis of EMC phenomena as well as in planning the measurements needed for compliance with EMC specifications. The book is also an outgrowth of classroom lecture notes for a number of undergraduate/graduate level courses in electromagnetic theory and applied electromagnetics given by

If you are living in the areas where the supply is single phase electric line you tend to be discouraged when you have an appliances that needs a 3 phase line. Don't lose hope it is because there are huge Phase converters are used to run 3-phase equipment on single phase power. There are several types of 3 phase converters - rotary, static and digital solid state, and drive type inverters, or frequency drives- to name a few. They can all be used to convert single phase electricity to 3-phase power. They are very commonly used to power 3-phase commercial and industrial grade equipment and electric motors. Focusing on the most familiar 3 phase power converters, static and rotary. You will find its defination and its differentiation so that you will buy a phase converter that fits On you. How does a rotary phase converter work? is actually a rotating transformer. Through transformer action a phase converter splits off and phase shifts a portion of the single-phase supply from the uti

        Gas-insulated transmission line (GIL) are a further development of the tubular conductor intended for long distances and are especially suitable for connecting conburations to the power supply. They are also as “invisible” as ordinary powercables as well as having a number of other advantages. The first mixed-gas-insulated power transmission in the line in the world successfully completed its field trials with an endurance test in early 1999. The most important aim in the further development of tubular conductors for long-distance power transmission was to reduce cost as they can be used ecnomically over distances of upto several kilometers. This has now been achieved. The system costs of the gas-insulated transmission lines developed by Siemens are now only a factor of 8 or 10 above those of overhead power lines,down from a factor of 30. Now the GIL has reached the order of magnitude to be accepted by ultilities if an overhead line must be brought underground. The basis of thi